The differences in the food chain between sunlit ocean ecosystems and those in the deep sea, where light does not reach.

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One of the most revolutionary discoveries in recent years in marine exploration is the discovery of the deep biosphere, or deep subsurface. Recent research, particularly through the international Deep Carbon Observatory program, has revealed that the sediments and rocks beneath the ocean floor harbor an unimaginable amount of microbial life (bacteria and archaea).

These microscopic communities can constitute

One of the largest reserves of biomass on Earth, living in conditions of extreme pressure, temperature, and lack of light, and obtaining energy from chemical reactions rather than photosynthesis. This has redefined our understanding of where and how life can exist on our planet.