Nuclear deterrence: behind Emmanuel Macron's thoughts, the French arsenal in question

He only said a few words, but they were enough to raise questions. During his long speech Tuesday evening , the head of state, Emmanuel Macron, was questioned about the extension of French deterrence to European interests. "Since a nuclear doctrine has existed, since General de Gaulle, there has always been a European dimension in the consideration of vital interests. We do not go into detail because ambiguity goes with deterrence," he recalled. He also confirmed the continuation of strategic discussions with partners " who wish to do so ." The president deferred his answers to another, more solemn framework. When it comes to nuclear matters, every word counts precisely. At the same time, an Operation Poker simulating a nuclear raid was taking place in French skies, as it does every three months.

For three years, Westerners have been relearning nuclear grammar. And those in Europe who had entrusted their protection to the umbrella...